A note on 'Sepharad': the question of to where the term 'Sepharad' refers came up recently. It has become an orthodox opinion that it refers only to Al-Andalus. This is true in the way it is used in the early middle ages, however the first identification of Sepharad with Spain is in the Targum Jonathan on Obadiah where 'Sepharad' is translated as 'Ispamia'. As Targum Jonathan dates from the 1st c. CE this can only be the Roman province of Hispania which included the whole Iberian peninsula. So six centuries before the Arab invasion Sepharad was the whole of the peninsula and we do know there were already Jews in Spain at this time.